Aircraft Icing Essay Example for Free

Aircraft Icing Essay Ice and aircrafts are never a good combination. Ice, which can accumulate on any part of the aircraft, is most dangerous when it accumulates on the wings or similar airfoils. These icing encounters cause many fatalities a year, fatalities that could be prevented if pilots use the strategies and tactics that are at their disposal to avoid icing dangers. In flight icing is always a concern and should be treated with an expedited response, however, proper avoidance of icing conditions begins on the ground during preflight. This safety report will discuss the many types of icing and their effects on flight. Along with the effects of icing on an aircraft, this report will examine the procedures to follow when reacting to these icing conditions. This report will include accident data as reported by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and more importantly the research and technologies developed to help reduce icing-related aviation accidents. Aircraft Icing Aircraft Icing What are the Causes and Possible Solutions? Icing is a definite weather hazard to aircraft. Icing refers to any deposit or coating of ice on an aircraft. Two types of icing are critical in the operation of aircraft: induction icing and structural icing. Another important form of structural icing may affect the runway or other resources used by aircraft. A runway covered with even a thin film of ice can cause loss of directional control and make braking efforts completely ineffective while the craft is on the ground (Roy, Steuernagle, Wright, 2008). In flight, including the takeoff, the threat of ice hazard is increased. Icing Causes:  Common sense tells us that winter time brings on icing conditions, however, ice is present, or potentially present, somewhere in the atmosphere at all times, no matter what the season. The secret is the freezing level of altitude, which may be around 15,000 feet during the summer and perhaps as low as 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) on those â€Å"warm† winter days (Lester, 2004). Carburetor icing: When the temperature and dew point are close, you can be certain that water vapor is condensing within the carburetor of an aircraft reciprocating engine, and, if the engine is run at low speed, the condensation is turning into ice. This is why some engine manufacturers recommend that carburetor heat be applied when the throttle is retarded for prolonged descent and prior to landing (Gleim, 2003). Accident summaries contain many cases of unexplained power loss. Many of these aircraft accidents can be attributed to carburetor ice. Once carburetor ice is suspected –at the first sign of engine roughness Aircraft Icing or power loss- apply full carburetor heat (Gleim, 2003). After carburetor heat is applied the engine may run rougher as the ice melts away but the rpm will return to their normal setting. There are many cases of loss of engine power as a result of carburetor icing which forces a landing. The following accident report summary describes a similar carburetor icing situation: A 106-hour Skyhawk pilot reported that the engine began to run rough and lost power as the airplane climbed through 9,000 feet means sea level (MSL). She then switched fuel tanks and moved the mixture to full rich, but the engine continued to lose power. Carburetor heat was not used at any time. A forced landing was subsequently made in a field, where the airplane collided with a utility pole and landed in a ditch. An examination of the engine revealed no evidence of mechanical failure or malfunction. An icing probability chart revealed that the reported weather conditions in the area were favorable for the formation of moderate carburetor icing at cruise power. The Cessna 172M owner’s manual notes that a gradual loss in rpm and eventual engine roughness may result from the formation of carburetor ice and prescribes the use of carburetor heat to clear the ice. (Civil Aviation Authority, 2006). Structural Icing: The previous report refers to induction icing within the engine, but other forms of icing attach to the exterior of the aircraft called â€Å"structural icing†. Airframe or structural icing refers to the accumulation of ice on the exterior of the aircraft during flight through Aircraft Icing clouds or liquid precipitation when the skin temperature of the aircraft is equal to, or less than 0 deg C (Lester, 2004). Types of Structural Icing: Structural icing takes on many forms depending on the size of the moisture that comes in contact with the aircraft. The types of structural ice are clear, rime and a combination of the two. The primary concern over even the slightest amount of structural ice is the loss of aerodynamic efficiency. The increase in drag caused by the additional ice also causes an increase in stall speed, instability and a decrease in lift (Roy, K. S, 2008). The type of ice that forms on the aircraft primarily depends on the size of the water droplets. Clear ice forms when the drops are large and the droplets impacting an airplane freeze slowly, spreading over the aircraft components gradually forming a smooth sheet of solid ice (Lester, 2004). Clear ice is the most dangerous form of structural icing because it is heavy and hard; it adheres strongly to the aircraft surface greatly disrupting airflow. Clear ice will normally form while flying through cumuliform clouds and through freezing rain (Lester, 2004). Rime ice is the most common icing type and forms while flying through stratified clouds and freezing drizzle (Lester, 2004). It forms when water droplets freeze on impact, trapping air between the small frozen drops, giving the ice a milky white appearance. Mixed ice has characteristics of both types making it a combination of rime and clear ice. Aircraft Icing The following NTSB summary describes the dangers of inadvertently encountering ice and the effect it will have on the ability of the aircraft to maintain lift and stability: CE 182. One serious and one minor injury. Pilot received a weather briefing approximately one hour prior to flight during which â€Å"A chance of light icing† was forecast. Approximately 30 minutes after takeoff, while at 6,000 feet, a small amount of ice began to form on the strut in the light rain. Although the aircraft was then cleared to climb above the cloud layer, heavy icing began to accumulate. The aircraft could not climb above 7,300 MSL and a 300 – 400 feet per minutes (f. p. m). descent developed. The aircraft was cleared to an alternate airport via radar vectors. Over the runway at about 50 feet above ground level (AGL), the aircraft uncontrollably veered to the left and struck the ground hard, collapsing the nose gear. A witness stated that there was ? inch of ice on the fuselage and an inch on the belly. The aircraft was also loaded approximately 200 pounds over gross weight. NTSB cited the probable causes as icing, improper weather evaluation, and deteriorated aircraft performance. (Watson, 2007) Pilots need to avoid ice especially if their aircraft are not approved for flight into icing. The aircraft in the NTSB report summary above was not approved for flight into icing conditions. Although ice forecast retrieved via weather briefings are in some cases inaccurate the pilot needs to have an escape route should icing be encountered. Accident data as reported by the NTSB is most useful when it brings about the development of technologies that help reduce icing-related aviation accidents. Aircraft fall into two categories, those approved for flight into icing and those that are not. Aircraft equipped with ice protection system allow them to keep ice from accumulating Aircraft Icing on the wing structures while in flight. The evolution of aircraft has provided advanced and useful technologies that have made our aircraft safer in less favorable atmospheric conditions. Icing protection systems: The types of icing protection systems are pneumatic deicing boots, thermal devices, and electro-mechanical systems (Burrows, 2002). The pneumatic deicing boot is a rubber tube attached to the leading edge of an aircraft wing. When ice is encountered during flight, portions of the rubber device inflate breaking off the ice (Burrows, 2002). Pneumatic deicing boots are used on propeller driven aircraft and jets. Thermal systems use electricity to heat protected surfaces of equipped aircraft. Thermal deicing systems have a more advanced function than deicing boots in that it prevents ice from forming on the heated protected surfaces. The electric heaters can be used as de-icers or anti-icers (Burrows, 2002). The newest technological advance in de-icing is called electromechanical de-icing, the system use a type of mechanical actuator that physically knocks the accumulated ice off the flight surfaces. The technology works in conjunction with previously developed ice detection systems and is triggered automatically once sensors detect ice. First, an electro-thermal strip heats the wing’s leading edge to just above freezing, melting the ice. Then other electro-thermal systems heat the leading edge enough to evaporate moisture on contact, preventing it from escaping and refreezing elsewhere as â€Å"runback† ice. The water flows downstream and eventually freezes where Aircraft Icing the aircraft is less sensitive to airflow disruptions. That’s where [the deicers] hit it. † An electrical current is sent through one set of coils at a time, and as the current loops through the coil, it flows in one direction and then the opposite, inducing a magnetic field. Jolted with electrical energy pulses that last . 0005 second, the coils deliver impact accelerations of over 10,000 Gs to the airfoil skin once a minute, shedding ice as thin as . 06 inch.  Despite the high G-load, the impact amplitude—the amount of movement of the aircraft skin—is only about . 025 inch. The skin accelerates so rapidly, though, that ice de-bonds as if hit with a hammer (Smithsonian Air and Space). Conclusion Ice and aircrafts are a dangerous combination when pilots don’t utilize weather services to determine freezing levels. When a pilot doesn’t understand when to deploy his ice protection system or doesn’t do a proper preflight including weather briefings, icing encounters become a reality. Many fatalities a year could be prevented if pilots use available resources to avoid icing dangers.

Essays --

Prohibition was the 18th Amendment to make alcohol illegal. The 21st Amendment was the repeal of prohibition so that alcohol could be legal. Carry Nation plays a big role in prohibition; she was the leader of the Temperance Movement. She was married twice her first husband died of alcoholism and her second husband divorced her. She has a hatred for saloons and bars. She also smashes bars and saloons. (Severn 76) Prohibition was called The Noble Experiment. It was first tried in America. Bootleggers and moonshiners was the main source people went to for alcohol. Bill MC coy was a bootlegger people went to him for alcohol he’s well known for selling good liquor. (Hanson 29) The repeal of prohibition is the 21st Amendment, to make alcohol legal in the states. Some people did not was the repeal to happen they thought prohibition was a good thing; it could make the world a better place. The repeal of prohibition was agreed. A lot of people wanted to make alcohol legal in the states. Some people did not like the repeal because alcohol could kill a lot of people. The Temperance Movement group planned to extend prohibition all over the world. (Rodney Web) Prohibition lasted from 1920-1933, the and the repeal come in1933. Alco pone was the biggest gangster of all times. He was the cause of virtually of all crimes. On the eve of prohibition some towns sold their jails, because all crime would break loose. The â€Å"Bathtub Gin† got its name from alcohol, glycerin and juniper juice was mixed in a bottle it was too tall to fit in a sink so they had to put it in the bathtub. (Burns Web) When prohibition was reopened in Chicago almost 800 gangsters had been killed in bootleg related shootings. People were killed, blinded, and even paralyzed from dri... ...People made a lot of money selling illegal alcohol. They even sold worldwide. Carry Nation did not care for people that sold or drunk liquor. That’s why she left her first husband when their daughter was born. Carry Nation died before she got to see that the repeal of prohibition was denied 20 year later. She had an impact on a lot of the women back then especially the women in The Temperance Group the all liked her. When she went and smashed all the bars and saloons a lot of people was not pleased that she did that, because the drunken people needed some place to go at night. Even, though they should not be drunk. Her second husband left because she got out of control. She was named the famous bar smasher. She was described as a religious and a crank. People said that she was a crank because she went crazy and smashed all of those bars and saloons. (Rodney Web).

Nursing Jobs Specialties Essay

Good morning, my name is Annamaria Amodei. I was born in Florence Italy and lived there for 20 years. I then came to New York in 1981. In the last 30 years I went through lots of changes in my life and in my careers. I grew older and wiser by going through a marriage, 3 wonderful children, a divorce and a several jobs within several different sectors of industries, from restaurant manager and owner to medical billing therefore dealing with the public at all times. In the mid 90s I decided to return to school and because my interest was in health I enrolled in a 2 year nutrition program receiving an associated degree in dietetics in 2000. Instead of applying my degree to a job in nutrition, I become a co-owner of a surgical supply store which has kept me occupied for the past 10 years. I’ve been again involved with the public, this time a very different one. The people I see are mostly physically sick, handicapped or in some kind of physical pain They were coming into my store because they knew that I could help them with my knowledge, experience and a deep will to help others. I found myself helping one person after another and I realized that helping others gave me a lot of joy, because I knew that I was able to make a difference in someone’s life. So about a year ago I decided to go further with my studies. I searched for a program to fulfill my needs and a school that would offer excellent training. That is why I applied to D’Youville College where I’m going to start my nursing education in January 2011. I have so much love in me and so much compassion to give that I cannot think of a better way to share that with other people than to care for them as a nurse. I want to impact people’s lives whether it’s just for a second, a moment or a lifetime. I want to be that nurse that cannot only be just a nurse, but can also be a friend to her patients. A nurse can touch lives in so many different ways and aspects. The purpose of a nurse is to fulfill his/her job in different areas of people’s lives and situations, and because we all ail in different ways. A nurse is trained to make sure that each patient is comfortable no matter what is the nature of their illness. I ruely believe that if you are a good nurse you will find satisfaction in your patient’s recovery and it is a nurse’s obligation to treat all patients with the utmost respect as well as to maintain their dignity at all times. A nurse has to be knowledgeable enough to understand each patient’s situation as an individual and attend to their needs accordingly because every case is so different and unique. That is why I strongly believe that educat ion and experience are very important keys for a nurse to master her/his profession. There are many other ways that a nurse with a bachelor or a master degree in USA can find employment outside the hospitals settings. Community Health Nurses – Usually this type of nurses work for the government, towns, cities and also non-profit agencies. Their job is to inform the public about how to avoid health risks, how to achieve a healthier lifestyle including principals of good nutrition and the basics of physical fitness. They often address a certain segment of population, such as children or elderly, and they usually will be doing public speaking at schools, churches, community groups, etc. Prison-Jail Nursing – This is another way a nurse can give her services to a population that unfortunately is growing and they also have a lot of health problems and they require the proper attention. It takes a special kind of nurse to work in a correction facility and they probably have had many prior opportunities to experience nursing before beginning a prison nursing career. Managed Care Nursing – Is another way that a nurse can find employment. More and more people are having health insurance and a lot of health problems, so the cost of healthcare is skyrocketing. HMO’s, Medicare Medicaid and other private insurance companies are hiring nurses directly to work for them. Managed care nurses serve both patients and their employers providing quality health care for more people by educating their clients in prevention and healthy lifestyles, and looking for different health care delivery in order to keep the cost of insurances down. Nursing Educator –. Because of the increasing nurseing shortage, the demand for nurse educators is becoming very popular. Nurses with a master degree and several years of experience who love their profession combined with a love for teaching and the passion for sharing their knowledge are perfect for this kind of job. Missionary Nurses –There are many organization and agencies providing support and relief to third world countries. If you want to help people less fortunate than yourself and you don’t mind spending time overseas, there is no better way to do that than putting all your knowledge and skills to work for these agencies and organizations. School Nursing – Private or public schools are employing more nurses than ever before because today there are more kids enrolled in school than ever and with more special needs. A school nurse needs to love working with kids and adolescents. Pain Management Nursing – For this kind of nursing a master degree is required. Many nurses in this field work with cancer patients, in homes, hospitals or with Hospice. In the past few years there have been tremendous advances in understanding pain, measuring its intensity and responding with appropriate doses of medication. Administrative Nursing – This kind of nurses work in large medical clinics, legal firms and big companies. If you have talent for managing people and enjoy working in an administrative position and you‘ve got good office and people skills, this is also a very good nursing career. This position requires a master degree and some experience. Substance Abuse Nursing – Alcohol and drugs are unfortunately a growing number in today’s society. These nurse work with people who are struggling with addition. Many of them work in detox and rehab clinics. They help people to safely end their addition and try to work with them on the cause of the problem and help them overcome and build a drug and alcohol resistance. This nursing career can be very frustrating at times due to the power that these additions have over people, leading to many relapses. But for a nurse who really wants to improve people’s lives this is an admirable career. Temp Nursing – Many nurses choose not to work for a single facility and they associate with one of the many temporary nurses stuffing agency across the country. This is a very flexible kind of work, they can choose to work or not in a particular place. Some agency specializes in travel nursing which means that a nurse could work several weeks from Los Angeles to New York and even in Hawaii. The housing is paid for and this is an excellent opportunity for single people. If you are a nurse that wants lots of flexibility then a temp nurse is an excellent career choice. Nurses are also needed in all branches of the military. Some of them become hospice nurses dedicated to care for those that are terminally ill and during their last days of life. The world of nursing career is wide open and new job descriptions are being created all the time as nurses responds to a rapidly changing world. A career in nursing has endless opportunities and that is why I’m much exited to start this program. I would like to thank Dr. Mariano (and Dr. Lewis) for giving me the opportunity to speak to you about why and how I decided at my stage in life to change careers and become a nurse I also want to thank all of you for listening this morning. I wish you the best in your journey through medical school Ciao

The Culture And Society Of Thailand And Montana, Usa

The Culture and Society of Thailand and Montana,USA I lived in Thailand for about 14 years before I moved to Montana, and the culture between the two are very different but there is some similarity. I was raised in Thailand by my mother and father, my father an Italian-American from New Jersey and my mother a Thai who lived in Thailand her whole life. I grew up with two sisters and a couple of my cousins living with my family. In this paper I would be giving you my view of literacy from a cultural point of view, and the difference literacy from the two cultures I lived in. The culture and society in Thailand is very traditional conservative environment, where the youth respects the elders, people respect other’s view, wearing appropriate clothes, and good kind manners to others. I lived in a city called Pattaya City. It’s a very famous tourist destination where people all around the world come over to visit and spend their vacation. One of the biggest attractions for the city is the beach and the night life, so for being a famous tourist attraction that means it will be a multicultural environment where you get to meet people from all around the world. Thailand has been called the land of smile for many years because of the kindness of the Thai people and that’s a big attraction for Thailand. Thai people are very kind and helpful, they would help you in about any situation you get into, but like in every society around the world there are always bad people involved inShow MoreRelatedGlobal Business Cultural Essay8829 Words   |  36 PagesThe eight dimensions of business culture in Canada and the differences with US. Things to consider for US business retailers who wants to expand to Canada. How the free trade agreement between US and Canada started and settled into NAFTA. The investor wanted to invest in Canada can get benefit from NAFTA provisions. Canada has bilateral trade agreements between, European Union and Asia. SWOT analysis of doing business in Canada Keywords: Business cultures, Canada, Trade Analysis, Import,Read MoreTourism Guide of New Zealand4782 Words   |  19 Pages................................14 3.10 Tax Structure .................................................................................................................15 4. Culture and Linguistic Value ....................................................................................................16 4.1 Culture Value ................................................................................................................16 4.2 Language and Religion ............................Read MoreOpportunities23827 Words   |  96 Pagestraveled to Milan, Italy on a buying trip for the company. Once there, he was impressed by the centrality of coffee within the national culture. This was evident in the city’s espresso bars, where trained baristas prepared espresso, cappuccino, and other drinks made from high-quality arabica beans. â€Å"I saw the relationship,† Schultz explained, â€Å"that Italian culture has with coffee and the romance of the beverage. The Italian starts his day at the espresso bar and sees his friends there later onRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learning Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment 97 Scoring Key 97 Comparison